Studies in School Age Populations
Table 5.2 presents
summary data from epidemiologic surveys of at least 100 subjects that
collected food and supplement intake data from school age populations.
The two most recent US nutrition monitoring surveys, the 1999-2000
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the 1994-96
Continuing Survey of Food Intake of Individuals (CSFII), each included
24HR (24-Hour
Recall) interviews to assess food and beverage intake. In both surveys,
children younger than 12 years were interviewed with a parent or guardian
present. If the child or parent/guardian was not able to provide intake
for meals at school or day care, the school or child care provider was
contacted by survey staff for information on the menu served. The diet-related
questions in NHANES, CSFII and the integrated What We Eat in America-NHANES
survey which is currently in the field, are presented in Table
2.5. The integrated What We Eat in America-NHANES includes two 24HR
interviews, one in-person and one by telephone, and a propensity questionnaire
(100-item NCI DHQ (Diet
History Questionnaire) without portion size information) in all children
older than 2 years. Supplement use is queried in a separate questionnaire
on frequency, dosage, and duration of use of specific products. The rationale
for selecting the instruments for the integrated survey as well as the
history of past CSFII and NHANES surveys were recently reviewed (9).
The most commonly used dietary assessment method in school age children
in the US is the 24HR. The Bogalusa Heart Study (212), the Study of Children's
Activity and Nutrition Study (213), the Child and Adolescent Trial for
Cardiovascular Health (214), the Dietary Intervention Study in Children
(DISC) (164;215), and the School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study (216)
all used 24HR interviews to assess food and nutrient intake.
Estimated or weighed food records were used in 7 of the 25 studies in
Table 5.2. It is
important to note that use of the food record outside of the US usually
involved intensive training and monitoring of subject recording through
a series of interviews conducted in the home or by telephone. FFQ (Food
Frequency Questionnaire) instruments were used in 6 studies, two of
which used versions of the Youth and Adolescent Questionnaire, which is
a modification for children and adolescents of the Harvard
FFQ for adults.
Most of the studies and surveys presented in Table 5.2 did not include
discussion of methods to assess vitamin and mineral supplement intake
in the literature cited.
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