Studies in Preschool Age Populations
Table 4.2 includes
summary data on 12 surveys and studies on preschool populations. Table
4.3 contains more detail on each study. In the 1999-2000 NHANES and
the 1994-96 CSFII, 24HR (24-Hour
Recall) interviews were conducted with the preschool age child's parent
or a designated proxy using the same portion size estimating aides used
in interviews with adults. Parents were asked to estimate serving size
based on the adult aides. If intake of a food occurred when the respondent
was not present, data retrieval was conducted with the caretaker, day
care center, or preschool. Table
2.4 presents the diet-related question in each of these surveys as
well as in the integrated What We Eat in America-NHANES survey currently
in the field. The rationale for the instrument selection was recently
reviewed (64).
In the integrated What We Eat in America-NHANES, preschool age children's
intake is assessed through two 24HR interviews (one in-person and one
by telephone), and a 100-item propensity questionnaire. Supplement use questions
are included in another questionnaire (Table
2.4).
Two national surveys in Europe (108;151)
also used 24HR interviews with preschool parents. Spain supplemented the
24HR information with a FFQ (Food
Frequency Questionnaire) (151).
Three-day weighed FRs (Food
Records) were used in both the German DONALD longitudinal survey (154)
and the Adelaide Nutrition Cohort in South Australia (117).
The DONALD survey applied the Goldberg ratio (EI:BMR or Energy Intake:Basal
Metabolic Rate) of less than 1.06 to identify implausible intakes. Protein
intakes were validated with nitrogen excretion from a 24-hour urine collection
(154).
The UK ALSPAC study (112), the Framingham Nutrition Study (156), and
the Iowa Fluoride Study (98;114) each employed a 3-day estimated FR in
this age group. A longitudinal survey of infants and preschoolers in upper-income
Tennessee households used both an annual 24HR interview and a 2-day estimated
FR in 3 to 5 year olds (157). In the Bogalusa Heart Study, 24HR interviews
were conducted annually in a subset of cohort members aged 3 to 4 years
(118). Investigators studying a cohort of Hispanic preschoolers in New
York City used multiple 24HR interviews and the Harvard FFQ paired with
serum lipid levels in a series of validation studies and surveys (70;135;136).
As apparent from Table
4.2 and Table 4.3,
a standardized approach to collecting supplement information was not found.
Often, studies did not report whether and how supplement information was
collected. Reported approaches included collecting information in the
diet assessment instrument or using a separate questionnaire.
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